USigidi kaSenzangakhona owaziwa ngokuthi uShaka wayeyinkosi enkulu yamaZulu nomnqobi. Wayehlala endaweni eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika phakathi koKhahlamba kanye ne-Indian Ocean, isifunda esigcwele amakhosi amaningi amaNguni azimele.
UShaka wayeyindodana kaSenzangakhona, umbusi wobukhosi obuncane obungelutho, amaZulu. Umama wakhe kwakunguNandi, indodakazi yenkosi yaseLangeni. Ulwazi mayelana neminyaka yokuqala kaShaka lutholakala emithonjeni yomlomo ngokuphelele.
Kuthiwa uShaka uzalwa kwaSenzangakhona kodwa laba bebengakashadi ngokwesintu. Indaba ethembeke kakhulu ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kukaNandi noSenzangakhona babungekho emthethweni, nokuthi uShaka wazalelwa endaweni yaseLangeni emzini wakwaNguga kamalume kaNandi.
Igama likaShaka kuthiwa lisuka kuSenzangakhona ethi uNandi wayengakhulelwe kodwa wayehlushwa amathumbu enziwa ibhungane iShaka. Ngaphandle kwemizamo yakhe yokuphika ubaba, uSenzangakhona wagcina esebeke uNandi njengonkosikazi wakhe wesithathu. Ngakho uShaka wachitha iminyaka yakhe yokuqala emzini kayise esiKlebeni eduze kwaseBabanango yamanje, endaweni engcwele eyaziwa ngokuthi EmaKhosini noma Indawo yokungcwaba aMakhosi, lapho okhokho bakaSenzangakhona, inzalo kaZulu (uNkosinkulu), base beyizinduna izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.
Ubudlelwano bukaSenzangakhona noNandi bubukeka bungathokozile bugcine ngokuthi induna ixoshe uNandi enkantolo yayo. UNandi kanye nendodana yakhe bayohlala esigodini saseMhlathuze esigodini saseLangeni. Lapha uShaka ekhula eyingane engenayise ubukeka eyisisulu sokululazwa nokuphathwa ngonya ngabafana baseLangeni.
Ngaleso sikhathi kwakunamaqembu amabili amaNguni aqinile, awakwaMthethwa ayeholwa yinkosi uDingiswayo, namaNdwandwe ngaphansi kukaZwide ononya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi mhlampe ngesikhathi seNdlala Enkulu, eyayaziwa ngeleMadlantule (c.1802), uShaka wayiswa kwabakwaMthethwa, lapho kwatholakala khona ukukhoseliswa emzini ka-anti kaNandi. Ngaleyo ndlela ukhulele enkantolo kaDingiswayo, ebamukela ngobungane.
UShaka nokho wahlupheka kakhulu ngokuxhashazwa nokugconwa kwabafana bakwaMthethwa, becasulwa ukuthi ungowozalo lwamakhosi. Ngokukhula kwakhe ebudodeni, uShaka waqala ukuvundulula amakhono amasha namakhono. Ngaphandle, wayemude futhi enomzimba onamandla, futhi ikhono lakhe kanye nesibindi sakhe kwamnika amandla emvelo phezu kwentsha yeminyaka yakhe; ngaphakathi wayeqala ukulangazelela amandla. Mhlawumbe wathi eseneminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu, wabuthelwa kwelinye lamabutho akwaMthethwa lapho athola khona ukugculiseka ayengakaze akwazi ngaphambili.
Njengoba impi eyayiseqenjini le-iziCwe, wayenobudlelwane ayengenabo ngaphambili, kuyilapho inkundla yempi yayinenkundla lapho ayengabonisa khona amakhono nesibindi sakhe. Izenzo zakhe ezivelele zesibindi zadonsa ukunaka kwenkosi yakhe futhi, ekhuphuka ngokushesha ebuthweni likaDingiswayo, waba ngomunye wabaphathi bakhe abaphambili. Ngaleso sikhathi, uShaka wethiwa igama elithi Nodumehlezi (okuthi uma ehlezi enze umhlaba uduma). Esebuthweni lakwaMthethwa uShaka wangena shà ezinkingeni zamasu namaqhinga okulwa, uDingiswayo waba nesandla esikhulu kulokho uShaka akufeza empini kamuva. Ngemva kwalokho ukuba impi kwase kuba indlela yakhe yokuphila, futhi okwakumelwe ayenze ezinkulungwaneni zabanye.
Ekushoneni kukayise kaShaka (c. 1816), uDingiswayo waboleka umzala wakhe osemncane ukusekelwa kwezempi okwakudingeka ukuze axoshe futhi abulale umfowabo omkhulu uSigujana, futhi azenze isikhulu samaZulu, nakuba ahlala engaphansi kukaDingiswayo. Kodwa, njengentandokazi kaDingiswayo, ubukeka enikezwe inkululeko engajwayelekile yokuziqokela ubukhosi obukhudlwana ngokunqoba kanye nokufanisa omakhelwane bakhe, okuhlanganisa abakwaButhelezi kanye namaLangeni ezinsuku zakhe zobunsizwa.
Ukukhothama kukaDingiswayo Ngokwedayari kaHenry Francis Fynn, ukufa kukaDingiswayo (c.1818) kwaba umphumela wokukhohlisa kukaShaka, nakuba ubufakazi obuqinile balokhu bungatholakali. Nokho kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi uDingiswayo elwa impi yakhe yokugcina, uShaka akafikanga endaweni yesigameko kwaze kwaba sekubanjweni kwenkosi yakhe. Kanjalo wagcina amabutho akhe eqinile.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uZwide wabulala uDingiswayo, kwathi lapho umbuso wakwaMthethwa owawungenamholi ubhidlika, uShaka wavele wathatha ubuholi futhi waqala ukunqoba ubukhosi obumzungezile, enezela amabutho abo kweyakhe futhi akha umbuso omusha. Ukwehlulwa kukaNdwandwe uZwide wanquma ukuyiphahlaza imbangi yakhe entsha. Ngemva kohambo lokuqala lokwehlulwa amandla amakhulu namasu amaZulu entabeni yaseGqokoli, uZwide, ngoApril 1818, wathumela yonke impi yakhe kwaZulu. Kulokhu uShaka waguga abahlaseli ngokwenza sengathi uyahlehla edonsa amabutho kaZwide ajule endaweni yakhe; kwathi lapho esebaqedile abahlaseli ngempumelelo, wawajikijela amabutho akhe phezu kwabo wabahlula baphelela emfuleni uMhlathuze. Lokhu kuhlulwa kwahlakaza umbuso wakwaNdwandwe.
Ingxenye yebutho elikhulu lamaNdwandwe ngaphansi kukaShoshangane, kanye namaJere ngaphansi kukaZwangendaba, aMaseko ngaphansi kukaNgwane, kanye namaMsene eholwa uNxaba, abalekela enyakatho. Abasinda embuthweni omkhulu wakwaNdwandwe bazinza isikhashana phezu komfula uPhongolo. Ngonyaka we-1826, ngaphansi kwendlalifa kaZwide, uSikhunyane, baphinda balwa namaZulu, kodwa banqotshwa ngokuphelele. Iningi libe selinikela kuShaka. Wakwazi ukuqasha amaqhawe engeziwe kule mithombo futhi waqhubeka wabaqeqesha ngezindlela zakhe zokulwa eduze. Ubukhosi bukaShaka Ngaleso sikhathi, uShaka wayengenayo imbangi enkulu endaweni yanamuhla KwaZulu/Natal.
Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe okufushane, okwathatha iminyaka eyishumi kuphela ngemva kokuhlulwa kwakhe kokugcina abakwaNdwandwe, amabutho akhe aqhubeka nomkhankaso, enweba ukuhlasela kwawo kude njengoba izindawo ezaziseduze zaziphucwa izinkomo. Uma ubukhosi buphikisa, babunqotshwa bese bucekelwa phansi noma njengabaThembu namaChunu baxoshwe njengababaleki abangenamhlaba. Lapho ubukhosi buthunyelwa, wayeshiyela ukuphatha kwendawo ezandleni zenkosi ebusayo noma elinye ilungu lomndeni obusayo wendabuko eliqokwe nguyena.
Uphiko Lwezempi YakwaZulu Lapho uShaka ephethe umbuso waqala ukuhlela kabusha amabutho abantu bakhe ngokuhambisana nemibono ayeyisungule njengeqhawe lebutho likaDingiswayo. The assegai. Wayebonile ukuthi uhlobo lomkhonto wendabuko, i-asegai enezimbambo ezinde ejikijelwa buqamama, yayingelusizo lwalutho ekulweni okulawulwayo eduze ayekucabanga. Iqembu lamaqhawe abambelele ezihlangwini zawo esikhundleni sokubajikijela, futhi akhuphukela ngqo esitheni ngemva kwesivikelo sezivikelo laliyoba nabamelene nalo emseni walo futhi laliyokwazi ukufeza ukunqoba okuphelele.
Esekhombisile ubuhle bamaqhinga amasha, uShaka wahlomisa amaqhawe akhe ngemikhonto ehlabayo enezibambo ezimfishane futhi wawaqeqeshela ukuthi asondele eduze kwalabo abamelene nabo ngamahawu abo esikhumba senkomo ubude abenza umgoqo ocishe ungangeneki kunoma yini ephonswa kubo. Ukwakheka okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwakumise okwe-crescent. Inqwaba yamarejimeni enweba amarenki amaningana ekujuleni kwakha umzimba ominyene owaziwa ngokuthi isifuba (isifuba), kuyilapho ohlangothini ngalunye irejimeni yaqhubekela phambili yakha izimpondo. Njengoba izimpondo zigoba ngaphakathi zizungeza isitha, indikimba eyinhloko yayizoqhubeka ibulala bonke labo ababengakwazi ukunqamula imigqa ezungezayo.
Isiyalo. Ngokubhoboza nokuziphatha okuningi, uShaka wakha amabutho akhe, okwaba ukwesaba ezweni. UShaka wenqabela ukugqokwa kwezimbadada, waqinisa izinyawo zamaqhawe akhe ngokuwenza agijime engafakile zicathulo endaweni enameva futhi ngokwenza lokho waqinisekisa ukuhamba kwawo okukhulu. Ukukhala kwakhe kwempi kwaba `Ukunqoba noma ukufa!' futhi wayigcina impi yakhe emikhankasweni yezempi eqhubekayo kwaze kwaba yilapho ecabanga ukuthi bathole ilungelo lokugqoka isihloko esithi ( isicoco ) sobudoda. Khona-ke bahlakazwa ngokusemthethweni futhi bavunyelwa ukuba bashade.
Owesilisa amabutho. Izinsizwa zathathwa ukuze zibhaliswe kanye nabanye abavela kuzo zonke izigaba zombuso kubutho elifanele, noma ibutho lobudala. Lokhu kwaveza umuzwa ofanayo wobunikazi phakathi kwabo. Ibutho ngalinye kulawa lalinegama lalo futhi lalihlaliswa komunye wemizi yasebukhosini, eyaba imiphakathi yezempi kanye nokugcina imisebenzi yayo yendabuko. Indawo ngayinye yezempi yayinomhlambi wezinkomo zasebukhosini owawunikezwe wona, lapho izinsizwa zazinikezwa khona inyama. Izikhumba zezinkomo zazisetshenziselwa ukunikeza izihlangu zamaqhawe futhi kwazanywa ukukhetha izinkomo ezinombala wesikhumba ohlukile kubutho ngalinye. Owesifazane umabutho.
Izinombolo zezintombi zombuso zabuthelwa ezindlini zamasosha. Ngokomthetho, babengamawadi enkosi. Ahlelwe ngabesifazane okulingana nowesilisa amabutho futhi abamba iqhaza emdansweni nemibukiso. Lapho omunye wamasosha wesilisa enikezwa imvume yokushada, kwakuzohlakazwa ibutho lesifazane futhi abesifazane bakhishwe njengabalobokazi bamaqhawe. Nokho, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ukuya ocansini phakathi kwamalungu eminyaka yobudala yabesilisa nabesifazane kwakungavunyelwe. Iziphambeko zazijeziswa ngokufa. Amakhosikazi asebukhosini. Indawo ngayinye yayinengxenye yabesifazane basebukhosini eholwa owesifazane osabekayo, ngokuvamile owayengowababekazi bakaShaka. Nokho, uShaka wayekwesaba ukukhiqiza indlalifa esemthethweni. Akazange ashade futhi abesifazane abathola bekhulelwe nguye babulawa. Ngakho-ke imizi yakhe yayingabuswa abafazi kodwa yayingamakhosikazi aqinile endlu yasebukhosini. Lapho inkosi ingekho, igunya lokuphatha lalisetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela umbusi wesifazane wendawo kanye nenduna eyayivame ukuba intandokazi yenkosi.
Abaholi bendabuko bemibuso yamakhosi ayesaphethe igunya lokuphatha lendawo, futhi ekuhlakazweni kwebutho izinsizwa zazizobuya zizohlala emphakathini wazo. Ngakho-ke, umqondo wokuthi lezi zizwe zamakhosi angobani awuzange ulahleke ngokuphelele, kodwa wahlala uyingxenye ebalulekile kwezombusazwe zakamuva zombuso wakwaZulu. Izinduna zempi noma izinduna, njengezintandokazi ezithenjwayo zenkosi, zathola izinkomo eziningi kuye futhi zakwazi ukwakha abalandeli abaningi. Lezi zenzakalo zibangele ukuvela kwezibalo ezinamandla ekubuseni kamuva okunezisekelo zamandla endawo eziqinile ezikwazile ukuzakha ngenxa yokuqokwa nokwenzelwa izikhulu. KwaBulawayo. Ikomkhulu likaShaka lokuqala lalisosebeni lomfula uMhodi, umfula omncane ongenela umfula uMkhumbane esigodini saseBabanango. Waqamba indawo yakhe enkulu ngokuthi KwaBulawayo (`endaweni yokubulala'). Ngokukhula kombuso wakhe, wakha iKwaBulawayo enkulu kakhulu, umuzi wasebukhosini owawunamaqhugwana angaba yi-1,400, esigodini saseMhlathuze, amakhilomitha angama-27 ukusuka edolobheni laseShowe. Izinguquko zezomnotho nezenhlalo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sezempi kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu kwezomnotho nezenhlalo. Ukuthi intsha engaka yayigxile ezindlini zasebukhosini kwaholela ekudlulisweni okukhulu kwamandla omnotho embusweni ophakathi. Nokho, ingcebo yezinkomo zomphakathi wonke embusweni yaba ngcono kakhulu; nakuba iningi lemihlambi kwakungeyenkosi nezinduna nezinduna zayo, zonke zahlanganyela ekuziqhenyeni okuvuswa ubukhazikhazi bemihlambi yasebukhosini kanye nokuzigqaja ngokuba ngaphansi kombuso wezempi ongenakulinganiswa nokwaZulu. Imiphumela yezimpi zikaShaka. Izimpi zakhe zazihambisana nokubulalana okukhulu futhi kwabangela ukufuduka okuningi.
Imiphumela yabo yezwakala kude kakhulu enyakatho yoMfula iZambezi. Ngenxa yokuthi babemesaba uShaka, abaholi abafana noZwangendaba, uMzilikazi, noShoshangane bathuthela enyakatho enkabeni ye-Afrika futhi bona bahlwanyela impi nokubhubhisa ngaphambi kokusungula imibuso yabo. Abanye balinganisela ukuthi ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe uShaka wabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Izimpi zikaShaka phakathi kuka-1818 no-1828 zaba nomthelela ochungechungeni lokufuduka ngempoqo okwaziwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ze-Afrika eseningizimu njengamaMfecane, i-Difaqane, i-Lifaqane, noma i-Fetcani.
Amaqembu ababaleki abavela ekuhlaselweni kukaShaka, okokuqala izibongo zamaHlubi kanye namaNgwane, kamuva kwalandelwa amaMantatees kanye naMatabele kaMzilikazi, awela uKhahlamba ngasentshonalanga, ephihliza amakhosi endleleni yawo. Indlala nezinxushunxushu zalandela ukuqedwa kwenani labantu kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemihlambi nezitshalo phakathi kweLimpopo kanye noMfula iGariep. Ubukhosi obudala bashabalala kwase kwakhiwa obusha.
Abahwebi abamhlophe basePort Natal Ngesikhathi abahwebi bokuqala abamhlophe befika ePort Natal ngo-1824, uShaka wayesephethe ubukhosi obumaphakathi, obuhlanganisa lonke ugu olusempumalanga kusukela emfuleni uPhongolo enyakatho kuya emazweni angaphesheya koThukela. eningizimu. Ngalowo nyaka, uHenry Francis Fynn noFrancis Farewell bavakashela eShaka. Ngo-1825, ngenkathi uLieutenant James King emvakashela, u-Shaka wathumela ithimba le-goodwill ku-Major J Cloete, omele uhulumeni waseKapa e-Port Elizabeth.
UShaka wabaphatha kahle kakhulu abahwebi abamhlophe, wabanikeza umhlaba, wabavumela ukuthi bakhe indawo yokuhlala ePort Natal. Wayenelukuluku lokwazi ngentuthuko yabo kwezobuchwepheshe, elangazelela ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezimpi, futhi enesithakazelo ngokukhethekile esikweni ababelimelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayeziphaphamele izinzuzo umsebenzi wabo owawungase umlethele zona.
Ngo-1826, ukuze kube seduze futhi kufinyeleleke kalula kubahlali basePort Natal, uShaka wakha inkambu enkulu yezempi kwaDukuza, 'indawo lapho umuntu alahleka khona'). Kwakungamakhilomitha angamatshumi ayisitshiyagalombili eningizimu yendlu yakhe yakudala kwaBulawayo, lapho okukhona khona idolobho leStanger. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe akuzange kube khona ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabelungu namaZulu, njengoba uShaka wayengafuni ukubhebhethekisa izingxabano namasosha kahulumeni wamakoloni aseKapa. U-HF Fynn, owayemazi kahle, wamthola ehlakaniphile futhi evame ukuthandeka, futhi wakhuluma ngezikhathi ezingashiyi nokungabaza ukuthi uShaka wayekwazi ukupha. Ekhululiwe emigomeni eyayinciphisa izinduna eziningi, uShaka wasebenza njengombusi ongenambangi, onamandla onke.
Njengomashiqela ononya, wayala ukuba amadoda abulawe ngokunqekuzisa ikhanda. Ukwethembeka kwabantu bakhe kwaqina kakhulu njengoba unya oluvamile lwenkosi yabo enkulu lwalukhula kancane kancane. Uvuthondaba lwafika ngokudlula kukanina uNandi ngo-Okthoba 1827, kwabulawa isibalo esikhulu ngesikhathi semicimbi yokulila ngoba bekhombisa ukudabuka obanele; futhi amabutho akhe athunyelwa ukuyophoqa amakhosi azungezile ukuba lusizi. Esebenzisa ithuba lokungabikho kwamabutho akhe, mhla zingama-22 kuMandulo 1828, unogada wakhe uMbopha, nabafowabo ngamzali munye uDingane noMhlangana, bagwaza uShaka eduze kwenkambu yakhe yezempi kwaDukuza.
Kuthe uma kudlula impilo yenkosi enkulu uShaka, yamemeza umfowabo uDingane yathi: “Hheyi mfowethu! Uyangibulala, ucabanga ukuthi uzobusa, kodwa amankonjane azokwenza lokho." Wayesho abelungu, ngoba bakha izindlu zabo ngodaka njengenkonjane. Kwabanzima kakhulu lokhu kubahlaseli bakhe base begxumela kuye begwaza. Ngokusho kwamalungu omndeni wakhe amazwi okugcina kaShaka athi: “Niyangigwaza yini makhosi omhlaba? Nizophela ngokubulalana.” Basheshe bangcwaba isidumbu sakhe emgodini oseduze. Esefile engasenayo indlalifa, uDingane wamlandela, kodwa isiphrofetho sikaShaka samhlupha futhi ngemva kwalokho wayebaxwaye abelungu. Ngaphansi kwabalandela uShaka, uDingane, uMpande, noCetshwayo ubukhosi bakwaZulu baba nomthelela omkhulu emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika.