U-Pixley Seme wazalwa zi-1 kuMfumfu 1881 eNatali, indodana ka-Isaka Sarah (owayenguMseleku) Seme. Kuncane okubhaliwe ngempilo yakhe esemncane njengomfundi wesikole samabanga aphansi futhi osemusha. Wathola imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi esikoleni semishini sendawo lapho umshumayeli webandla laseMelika, uMfundisi SC Pixley, aba nesithakazelo kuye futhi wahlela ukuba ayofunda eMount Hermon School eMassachusetts e-USA.
USeme wenze iziqu zakhe ze-BA e-Columbia wabe esedlulela e-Oxford University lapho ephothule khona iziqu ze-Law. Wabizelwa endaweni yokucima ukoma eThempelini eliPhakathi eLondon ngaphambi kokuba abuyele eNingizimu Afrika ngosuku olwandulela ukusungulwa kweNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1910. Inkulumo yakhe yodumo eNyuvesi yaseColumbia ngo-1906 mayelana nethi "The Regeneration of Africa" yamzuza indondo ephakeme kakhulu yokuhlonishwa kwe-oratorical yaseNyuvesi, indondo kaGeorge William Curtis. Le nkulumo isabalale eNingizimu Afrika futhi yembula indlela emangalisayo kaSeme ngamazwi.
Ngesikhathi eseLondon ngo-1909, uSeme walandela izingxoxo mayelana noMthethosivivinywa Wenyunyana YaseNingizimu Afrika (1909) owaphakamisa uhlaka lokusungulwa kweNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ukusabela kwakhe kulesi sigameko kuvezwe komunye umbono ogunyaziwe ngekusasa leNingizimu Afrika. I-“The Native Union” iwumqulu odweba isu labantu base-Afrika mayelana nentuthuko eklanyelwe ukubavimbela ekubambeni iqhaza ezikhungweni zezombusazwe ezivamile futhi ezazifuna ukulawula ukufinyelela kwabo emhlabeni kanye nezigaba ezithile zokuqashwa, ikakhulukazi ezimayini. Lo mbhalo ubuye ukhombise ukuqonda kukaSeme ngezindlela zokumelana nenqubo yezepolitiki ezayo. Yize kungacaciswanga ngokusobala kulo mbhalo, uSeme ubukeka enombono wokuthi iBambatha Rebellion yokusabela kwiNyunyana esafufusa yayinamandla.
Lokhu kwakusho isidingo sokwakhiwa kwenhlangano yezepolitiki yonkana yeNyunyana ezobhekana nohlelo lukahulumeni olusafufusa lokucwasa. Ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umuntu owayehamba phambili ngaleso sikhathi, uSeme uthathwa njengomsunguli weSouth African Native National Congress (SANNC), umanduleli we-ANC. Akagcinanga nje ngokucabanga ngesimo nokwakheka kwenhlangano kodwa waphinde wasiza nokusungulwa kwe-SANNC e-Bloemfontein ngo-1912.
Engqungqutheleni eyasungulwa uSeme wethula inkulumo eyisihluthulelo, isicelo sokwesekwa okungokomfanekiso nokubonakalayo ekubunjweni okusha. Kuthe uma sekuvotelwa isikhundla sikamengameli uSeme waphakamisa ukuthi kukhethwe uJohn Langalibalele Dube.
Engqungqutheleni eyasungulwa uSeme wethula inkulumo eyisihluthulelo, isicelo sokwesekwa okungokomfanekiso nokubonakalayo ekubunjweni okusha. Kuthe uma sekuvotelwa isikhundla sikamengameli uSeme waphakamisa ukuthi kukhethwe uJohn Langalibalele Dube.
I-SANNC yayidinga uxhaso ukuze ifeze umsebenzi wayo. Ngaleso sikhathi izinduna yizo ezazifuna ukuxhaswa ngezimali. Lesi sici esibucayi asivamile ukubonwa uma kucatshangelwa izinhlanhla namashwa e-SANNC eshumini leminyaka lokuqala ikhona. Ama-akhawunti akhona alokho okubhekwa kabanzi njengokungagculiseki kwe-SANNC eshumini layo lokuqala leminyaka ngokuvamile ayibonisi umthelela wokuntuleka kwezimali enhlanganweni. USeme ngokwakhe, othathwa njengonethonya elikhulu ekutholeni ukwesekwa amakhosi, kwaba ukukhetha okunengqondo kwesikhundla sikaMgcinimafa-Jikelele, iqiniso okufanele libhekwe kunoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kokusebenza ngempumelelo kwe-SANNC nesimo sokuxhasa ngezimali.
Lolu daba luba nokubaluleka okukhulu uma lubhekwa esimweni sezinkinga zezimali zikaSeme phakathi neminyaka eyishumi. Kubonakala sengathi “nakuba aba nguMgcinimafa-Jikelele wokuqala kuKhongolose, wayehlala enezinkinga zezimali. Imizamo eyahlukene aqale kuyo ayiphumelelanga, okuhlanganisa nokuthenga amapulazi endaweni ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyiTransvaal.” Lokhu kubuka kubonakala kunikeza inkomba yokuthi i-SANNC yayikhubazekile kangakanani, ngokwezimali ngeminyaka yawo-1910. Lokhu kwenzeka emashumini eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba lowo owangena esikhundleni sayo, i-ANC, enze isibalo esikhulu sokuheha uxhaso lwezimali, okunomthelela omkhulu ezimisweni ezibalulekile zenhlangano. Amashwa kaMsunguli ngeminyaka yawo-1910 afanekiswa nalawo e-SANNC. Ingxenye enkulu yama-1910, njengoba iNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika igxuma isuka kwenye inhlekelele iye kwelandelayo, i-SANNC ayikwazanga ukufaka inselelo enzima kuhulumeni wobandlululo.
UMthetho Womhlaba ka-1913, owawuhloselwe ukwenqabela abalimi base-Afrika indlela okuwukuphela kwayo yokuthola umhlaba ababenawo kusukela ekupheleni kwezimpi zokunqotshwa ngeminyaka yawo-1860 kanye nawo-1870, awuzange uphikiswe. Okuwukuphela kwempendulo engasoze yalibaleka kuyo kwakuyincwadi kaSol Plaatje ethi, Native Life in South Africa, egxeka unya lomthetho, kanye nethimba le-SANC eLondon elabuya lingafezekanga. Okubalulekile ukuthi leli thimba alizange lifake uSeme. Ngalesi sikhathi uSeme wasungula iphephandaba, Abantu-Batho. Nakuba le phrojekthi yayibonisa ukulangazelela, bekuyindlela ehlakaniphile yokuheha abantu base-Afrika, izethameli ezihlosiwe, enkulumweni yezombangazwe eyathinta ukuphila kwabo. Impendulo kaSeme ngoMthetho Womhlaba ayizange irekhodwe.
Ukubheduka kweMpi Yezwe I kungesinye isigameko esiphinde sabeka obala ku-SANNC ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDube. KumaBhunu, le mpi yaqubula ukuvela kwamaqembu amabili azibophezele kwipolitiki yokuhlukana phakathi: iSouth African National Party (SANP) ngaphansi kukaJBM Hertzog, ne-Anti-War rebellion eholwa nguKoos de la Rey namanye. Lezi zinhlangano ezimbili zamaBhunu zaziphikisana nempi, zizwakalisa ukucasuka ngokuthi kufanele zilwe lokho ezazikubona njengeMpi Yombuso WaseBrithani ngokumelene neJalimane, amandla ababenombimbi nawo ngesikhathi seMpi yaseNingizimu Afrika ka-1899 kuya ku-1902.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulokho okwakubonakala kuyisu elihle, i-SANNC yasekela impi ngethemba lokuthi uma iphela, amaNgisi azobonisa ukwazisa ngokungenelela egameni lawo. Ngokungakhethi, ngalesi sikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika, uSeme akazange aveze umbono owawuzoheha njengoba enza ngo-1906 no-1909/10. Akukho lutho olusezingeni lemicabango yakhe mayelana nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-Afrika noma iNative Union eyabikwa ngesikhathi sempi.
Esikhundleni salokho uSeme waqhubeka nokwenza umthetho, futhi kulandela ukwehluleka kwethimba lezithunywa zango-1914, i-SANNC yabonakala yehlela esimweni esibucayi. Kwaba ngemva kuka-1917 lapho i-SANNC yaphinda yenza ukuba khona kwayo kwazwakala. Uhlaka lwesifundazwe, iTransvaal SANNC, lungene shi ezitelekeni ezimbili ezakhubaza idolobha laseGoli. Okokuqala kwaba isiteleka sabasebenzi basezimayini sango-1918 ngenxa yamaholo aphansi. Ngo-1919 abasebenzi bezindlu zangasese bateleka kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “isiteleka samabhakede”. I-Transvaal SANNC, ngaphansi kukaSefako Makgatho, owayephinde abe nguMongameli Jikelele we-SANNC, yabandakanyeka kuzo zombili iziteleka. Osomlando bayavuma ukuthi lokhu kube umzamo wokuqala wokwenza i-SANNC ibe yinhlangano exubile.
Akukacaci noma uSeme uyameseka yini uMakgatho ngendlela abebukeka ethatha ngayo i-SANNC, kodwa okugqamile ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-1930 wubungani bukaMakgatho noSeme yikho okwamenza wathola isikhundla sokuba ngumengameli we-ANC eTransvaal. Ngo-1920, inkanyezi kaSeme yayisincipha. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1920 uSeme waba nethuba lokuvuselela umsebenzi wakhe. Wasebenza njengomeluleki wezomthetho we-Regent yaseSwazini engxabanweni nohulumeni waseBrithani. Ulwazi lwakhe ngomthetho waseBrithani, ngemva kokufunda e-Oxford, lwamenza wakhetha okunengqondo kulo msebenzi. Nokho, umphumela wecala waba mubi kuSeme - walahlekelwa yicala ngesikhathi sokudlulisa icala e-Privy Council wabuyela eNingizimu Afrika.
Leli cala labonakala limshiye edakiwe, futhi “waqala ukuphuza ngokweqile, futhi ngaphambi kokuba kuphele iminyaka eyishumi wayebandakanyeke engozini yemoto edakiwe”. Ube esehoxiswa ohlwini lwabameli. Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zigameko zishiye uSeme edangele futhi engenawo umdlandla wokuzimbandakanya kwezepolitiki. Ngo-1923, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMakgatho, i-SANNC yashintsha igama layo yaba yi-African National Congress (ANC). Ngemva konyaka kuKhongolose yokukhetha, uMakgatho wavotelwa waphuma esikhundleni kwangena u-ZR Mahabane. Isikhundla sikamongameli waseMahabane sasinezinkulumo-mpikiswano ezishubile ngaphakathi kwe-ANC kanye neQembu LamaKhomanisi aseNingizimu Afrika (CPSA) mayelana nokubaluleka koMbuzo kaZwelonke phezu komzabalazo wezigaba, okwakuhloswe ngawo ukuqeda ukuxhashazwa konxiwankulu.
Kodwa futhi, igalelo likaSeme kulezi zinkulumo mpikiswano ligeja kakhulu, alikabhalwa phansi. Umphumela walo mqhudelwano ezingeni lemibono kubukeka sengathi usuvune iqembu leSocialist ngaphakathi ku-ANC. Ngo-1927 i-ANC yabamba uKhongolose wokuqoka futhi umuntu owayeshadelwe emfundisweni ye-socialist/Marxist wakhethwa njengoMongameli Jikelele omusha. U-JT Gumede wayengusocialist ozinikele ngesikhathi eba ngumholi we-ANC futhi efuna ukuqondisa umbutho kuleyo ndawo, kodwa waphikiswa izingwazi ze-ANC, okuhlanganisa nowayengumongameli uMahabane noMakgatho.
Kungale ngxabano lapho uSeme ebonakala ebuyela kwezombusazwe. Ujoyine iNationalists, eyayiphikisana nesikhundla sosonhlalakahle esasiphakanyiswe nguGumede. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaNationalists kanye neSocialist babhidlika ngendlela engeke ilungiswe ngonyaka we-1929, okwaholela ekutheni uGumede akhishwe esikhundleni sokuba nguMengameli Jikelele. USeme ubonakala eseluleme kakhulu osizini lwakhe lweshumi leminyaka eledlule, futhi kuKhongolose yokukhetha yango-1930 wakhethwa esikhundleni sikaMongameli Jikelele.
Ukuphatha kukaSeme kuvame ukuhambisana nokushabalala kwe-ANC engxenyeni yokuqala yawo-1930. Kuthiwa ukuhluleka kwakhe ukuhola yikona okuholele ekutheni i-ANC yehle ingcebo. Ngempela, ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 ukulandela kwe-ANC emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya kwakuphansi kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa namashumi eminyaka angaphambili. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezigcwele abantu abamhlophe kwezolimo, i-Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU) yayisukumele phezulu i-ANC ngeminyaka yawo-1920, igqugquzela abahwebi base-Afrika kanye nabaqashile ukuba balwe nabanikazi bemihlaba abamhlophe abafuna ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi babo.
Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi eWitwatersrand, i-CPSA yayiphakamise i-ANC futhi yajabulela abalandeli abaningi. I-ICU kanye ne-CPSA babezisungule ngenkathi ababili ababengaphambi kukaSeme behola uKhongolose. USeme waba nguMengameli Jikelele phakathi ne-Great Depression, isikhathi esasusa izinselelo ebezingakhungathekisa ngisho nabaholi abanekhono. Ngakho-ke akulungile ukuthi uSeme ame ngakubo njengoba izimo ze-ANC ziba zimbi. Kunalokho, wazama ukuhlela kabusha i-ANC ngenhloso yokuyenza ikwazi ukubhekana nezimo zezombusazwe ezazikhona. I-CPSA ibigqame ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yasendaweni emalokishini ezweni lonke. Amagatsha e-CPSA aba ngabaphikisi abakhulu emikhandlwini eyelulekayo lapho ayengenele ukhetho oluvamile nezinhlaka zomphakathi, ejabulela ukwesekwa kwabantu basemazingeni aphansi. Lokhu bekuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emalokishini omasipala baseGoli - e-Orlando naseLokishini Lomdabu WaseNtshonalanga i-CPSA yangenela ukhetho futhi yazibonakalisa njengombambeli qhaza omkhulu kwezombusazwe zendawo. USeme uphakamise ukuhlelwa kabusha kwenhlangano ye-ANC ezingeni lesifunda, kuhlakazwe izingqungquthela zezifundazwe futhi kuhlukaniswe umkhandlu kazwelonke ube izingqungquthela zezifunda eziyi-11 esikhundleni sezingqungquthela ezine zezifundazwe.
Lezi ziphakamiso zayithukuthelisa i-ANC yaseTransvaal enamandla, ebilokhu inomthelela omkhulu ekunqumeni nasekubumbeni izinkombandlela zenqubomgomo. Iqeqebana lesigungu esiphezulu se-ANC eTransvaal eliholwa ngamakhosi akwaKgatla, lisole uSeme ngokuzama ukubadicilela phansi ukuze asungule ubukhosi bamaNguni enhlanganweni. Kuyamangaza ukuthi uSeme wesekwa ekuhleleni kabusha kwakhe uMongameli we-ANC eTransvaal, uMakgatho. Kulolu hlelo, uMakgatho wazihlukanisa namalungu athile eqembu elimelene noSeme eKomidini eliPhezulu le-ANC eTransvaal. Ingxabano phakathi kukaMakgatho neqembu eliphikisayo ku-ANC eTransvaal kusukela ngo-1932 yaphela phakathi no-1933 lapho uMakgatho ekhishwa esikhundleni.
Lokhu kwaholela ekwehlukaneni kwe-ANC eTransvaal, olunye uhlangothi lwamukela uMakgatho njengomengameli kanti olunye luthatha isikhundla esisha. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngale ngxabano nokuthi yaxazululwa kanjani chofoza lapha. U-Seme waqala ukungathandwa, njengoba iziphakamiso zokususwa kwakhe zafinyelela emvuthwandaba ngemva kokukhishwa kukaMakgatho njengoMongameli we-ANC eTransvaal ngo-1934. Ngo-1937 uSeme wathathelwa indawo uMahabane, owayeselungele ukuthatha izintambo okwesibili.
Lokhu kwasho ukuphela kwegalelo likaSeme kwezombusazwe, wabuyela emsebenzini wakhe wobumeli njengoba ilayisensi yakhe yayisibuyisiwe. Iminyaka eminingi yawo-1940 wasebenza njengommeli enamahhovisi edolobheni laseGoli, futhi ngalesi sikhathi waba umeluleki ka-Anton Lembede. Kodwa isizukulwane esisha sabaholi be-ANC, ikakhulukazi labo bophiko lwentsha, bathatha uSeme njengomuntu odla ngoludala. USeme washona ngo-1951.
Isiphetho Inkulumo kaSeme angayikhohlwa eNyuvesi yaseColumbia ngo-1906 yamenza wahlonishwa ngendondo ye-Order of Luthuli in Gold ngo-2006, ayinikezwa owayengumengameli ngaleso sikhathi uThabo Mbeki. Lesi senzo sibukeka singahambisani nombono we-ANC ngeqhaza likaSeme emlandweni womzabalazo wenkululeko. Phambilini i-ANC ibonakale imxosha uSeme enkulumweni yomlando wenkululeko ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi nguyena owayengamele le nhlangano ngesikhathi yonakala ngendlela engakaze ibonwe. Kodwa uSeme naye angathathwa njengomsunguli we-ANC ngendlela engakaze ibonwe omunye umholi we-ANC.
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